[์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ] CPU์™€ Architecture _ SMP vs NUMA vs Clustered system

2023. 3. 25. 15:39ใ†ComputerScience/OperatingSystem

 

 

 

Bootstrapping in Linux

- CPU - smart X -> ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ช…๋ น์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ , ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ

- ROM - Read only memory - ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ „์šฉ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ, ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ

- ์ „์›์ด ๊บผ์ ธ๋„ ์กด์žฌ -> ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ถ€ํŒ…๋  ๋•Œ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ๋ชจ๋“œ 

+ RAM - Random Acess Memery - ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ, ์ž‘์—… ์ค‘์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ•œ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์žฅ

 

ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™” ๋ฐ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ 

- BIOS - Basic input output system

- UEFL - Unified Extensible Firmware Interface -> ํŽŒ์›จ์–ด : ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด == ๋กฌ์— ์ €์žฅ๋œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด

-> POST - power on self test ์ง„ํ–‰ - ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ io ์žฅ์น˜ ์ž˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ check

- BIOS/UEFL ์˜ ์—ญํ•  -> ๋ถ€ํŠธ๋กœ๋” ์‹คํ–‰

- ๋ถ€ํŠธ๋กœ๋”์˜ ์—ญํ•  - OS Kernel์„ ์ฝ์–ด์„œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  jump

 

+ Firmware ํŽŒ์›จ์–ด

- ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด

-> ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์•„๋‹Œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒƒ 

- ROM์— ์ €์žฅ๋œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด

- ์ฆ‰, ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค, upgrade ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ 

 

 

 

CPU์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ

- ๋ช…๋ น์–ด์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•„์ง

- RISC - ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ช…๋ น์–ด -> ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ช…๋ น์–ด์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ

1) ๋ช…๋ น์–ด์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ์ค„์ž„ -> ๋ณต์žก๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ -> CPU ํด๋Ÿญ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ 

2) ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ

3) ์บ์‰ฌ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ 

-> ๋น„์•ฝ์ ์ธ CPU ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐœ์ „

 

 

 

Concurrent - ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฝ”์–ด์—์„œ ๋‘ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์™”๋‹ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฒˆ๊ฐˆ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ (ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ์‹คํ–‰)

Parallel - CPU ์ฝ”์–ด ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ 2๊ฐœ -> ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ

Simultaneously - ๋ช…ํ™• X, ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

 

 

 

 

SMP vs NUMA

UMA == SMP (์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ CPU๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ) / NUMA - ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ CPU๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์กด์žฌ ex) ์ฒœ์ฒด, ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ (๊ณ ์† ์—ฐ์‚ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ)

SMP = Symmetric multiprocessing architecture

NUMA = Non-Uniform memory Architectiure 

 

 

 

 

๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

- ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ

-  ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฉ”์ธ๋ณด๋“œ์— CPU ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ํ•œ๊ณ„ -> ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ๋“ฑ์žฅ

- SMP & Distributed hybrid -> Clustered system Architecture

- secondary storage system -> Clustered system ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ ex) ๊ตฌ๊ธ€, ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„ ์„œ๋ฒ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ

 

 

SMP ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ -> ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ง

 

 

์ถœ์ฒ˜: https://docs.oracle.com/cd/A91202_01/901_doc/rac.901/a89867/pshwarch.htm